Several days ago, I offered you an initial "teaser" report from the recent SNAP conference in Alexandria, Virgina. In that report, I told you how impressed I was by the sizable contingent of folks from the new SNAP-Menno chapter — people coming out of the Mennonite tradition, with years of activist experience dealing with issues of sexual violence (and exclusion of and violence against LGBT people, it should be also noted) in their own religious community.
As I noted in my report, one of the people I had the honor to meet at the SNAP gathering was Ruth Krall, a leading sexual violence activist (with an impressive academic and professional background) connected to the Mennonite tradition. Her name will no doubt be familiar to anyone who has read this blog for some time now. I offered several snippets from Ruth's presentation on the final day of the SNAP conference. I'm now delighted to be able to share with you the presentation itself, which Ruth will subsequently publish on her Enduring Space blog. Here's Ruth's stellar presentation:
Activism in a Mennonite Voice
Ruth E. Krall, MSN, Ph.D. (1)
Professor Emeritus, Goshen College, Goshen, IN
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| Kudzu Landscape (2) |
Introductory Comments
During the drive here from the airport on Thursday evening, I was reminded once again that clergy sexual violence and morally corrupted institutions both resemble kudzu. (3) For those of you who do not recognize kudzu, the Washington beltway is lined with it. It is an invasive vine that smothers and kills all other plant forms in its path. It must be aggressively and persistently managed to control its invasive and noxious presence.
Who Are These Mennonites?
We Mennonites are the twentieth-first-century descendants of the 16th-century Reformation Anabaptists. In many ways we are neither Catholic nor Protestant.
In the sixteenth century, our faith ancestors represented a radical divergence from both groups as early as 1530 or 1540. Roman Catholic and Protestant princes and priests hunted down, imprisoned, and killed our ancestors. (4)
Our principal differences in belief from the Christian majority include: 1] adult confessions of faith and adult baptism; 2] a radical separation of church and state; 3] a refusal to carry or use the nation-state's weapons; 4] communitarian discernment; and 5] discipleship — faithfully following in the footsteps of Jesus of Nazareth.
Today, our Anabaptist faith family represents more than 1.7 million baptized believers from 83 world nations. Approximately 2/3 of these are African, Asian, or Latin American. (5) Thus we are multi-colored, multi-gendered, and represent many of the world's language groups. Our international church's official languages are English, French, and Spanish.
The Mennonite Church USA represents approximately 98,000 baptized members. We are one of Christianity's historic peace churches and our witness to the power of nonviolent, serving love has gone around the world.
Yet, inside our communal lives, we are interpersonally violent in multiple ways. Clergy and religious leader sexual abuse, incest, rape, domestic abuse, child sexual abuse, and spiritual abuse are all common. A small recent survey indicates that perhaps 1 in 5 Mennonite Church USA adults have been victimized by abuse and violence. (6) The majority of these victimized individuals are women and their children.
During the last week in July 2015, the worldwide Mennonite church gathered in Pennsylvania and in early July 2015, the United States Mennonite Church met in Missouri. The problem of sexual abuse inside our world-wide communities was raised and addressed in both gatherings. SNAP-Menno was present at both as were representatives of other concerned Mennonite organizations.
This is a marked change from the summer of 1990 when I wrote an essay about family ethics for the Strasbourg World Conference of Mennonites which was held in France. In that essay I described and discussed the epidemic of family violence inside Mennonite communities.The editor of that collection was extremely displeased with me about the content of my essay. At the time there was internal dissent about including my concerns for this worldwide celebratory gathering of Mennonites. But the short essay was eventually published. (7)
To my knowledge, this was the first time – in a denomination-sponsored publication – that the worldwide Mennonite church was officially put on notice about the nature and quantity of affinity violence in the Mennonite world.
Who Are God’s People?
In light of Pope Francis' metaphor about clerics needing to smell like their sheep, we need to ask the question: "Who are God's sheep today?" We can extrapolate from the ancient prophet Ezekiel in Jewish scriptures and make a reasonable conclusion for the twenty-first century:
The sheep in God's contemporary flocks are those who have been plundered by their political and spiritual leaders. The people of SNAP — in this room and around the world — are, therefore, the people of God. Today's religious leaders have danced on your backs, raped your bodies, mis-appropriated and mis-spent your money, wounded your spirits and force-marched you into emotional, social, and spiritual exile: thus, you know the evils of corrupt, organized religion in intimate ways — in your bodies and in your souls. (8)
Informed Activism
I think that informed activism about religious institution corruption in any and all of our various denominations looks remarkably similar.
These patterns of ecclesial corruption — including the idolatrous sacrifice of children on God's altars for institutional, sexual, political, economic, religious, and personal power — were known to the Hebrew prophets and they were known to Jesus. Today they are known by every one us in this room.
My Conclusions
As a sexual violence activist, I have absolutely no doubts about two things:
These denominational sexual violence narratives are a pandemic reality — a world-wide phenomenon present in probably all religious and spiritual communities. The world-wide situation is worse than the flu pandemic of 1918 and this problematic behavior has been going on for millennia.
Secondly, the religious and the spiritual consequences of sexual violations in a religious context are serious ones. For my purposes today, I will call them child and adult spiritual attachment disorders or child and adult religious attachment disorders. Benkert and Doyle name them religious duress disorders. (9) Freyd names them betrayal trauma.(10) Winell names them religious trauma syndrome disorders. (11) The American Psychiatric Association DSM 4-r simply called them religious problems and spiritual problems. (12)
Whatever language we use to describe it, it is now clear: there is a religious trauma component and there is a spiritual trauma component in our human response to these forms of institutionalized violence. (13)
This kind of analysis leads me to two conclusions:
1] Because of its pandemic nature and because of its serious health and social consequences, the phenomenon of sexual abuse inside religious communities needs the attention of the public health sector of our nation and the world.
Since the religious hierarchy will not volunteer what they know about incidence and prevalence data, we need a public health alliance to gather these data for us. We need the assistance of the Surgeon General of the United States and the research assistance of the National Institute of Mental Health.
2] Those of us in this room with theological, spiritual direction, pastoral, and clinical degrees (and perhaps the lawyers as well) need to begin planned meetings around conferences such as SNAP. We need to extend our stay by 1-2 days so that we can work together in a concerted and deliberate effort to map what we know about religious trauma and spiritual trauma. Our purposes here are quite simple: 1] to build the body of knowledge that can support informed activism on behalf of victimized individuals and 2] to develop appropriate spiritual and clinical support services. (14)
We are, for God's sake, our various churches' theological, pastoral, spiritual, and clinical voices. If we don’t do this work, it won't get done.
Endnotes
(1) For more information about Dr. Krall, see Enduring Space.
(2) Egan, A. N. (April, 2014). "China Expedition 2013: A Tale of Typhoon-tossed Kudzu." Plant Press 17, 2. Retrieve information about this essay and photograph at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History website.
(3) Krall, R. E. (2014). "Chapter Two: Sexual Violence is the Kudzu of Christianity" (pp. 26-29). The Elephants in God’s Living Room, vol. 3, Bearing the Unbearable: A Collection of Conversational Essays. See Ruth Krall's Enduring Space site.
(4) Klassen, W. (1973). Anabaptism: Neither Catholic nor Protestant. Canada: Conrad Press.
(5) See the website of the Mennonite World Conference.
(6) Kanagy, C. 2006 Church Member Profile. See Doves Nest website.
(7) Krall, R. E. (Summer, 1990). "Family Ethics." Mennonite World Conference Handbook. Strasbourg, France/Scottdale, PA: Herald Press.
(8) Ezekiel 34: 1-10.
(9) Benkert, M. and Doyle, T. P. (2009). "Clericalism, Religious Duress and its Psychological Impact on Victims of Clergy Sexual Abuse." Journal of Pastoral Psychology 58, pp. 221-238.
(10) Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal Trauma: The Legacy of Forgetting Childhood Abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
(11) Winell, M. "Religious Trauma Syndrome (RTS)." See website, Journey Free: Resources for Recovery from Harmful Religion.
(12) Lukoff, D. (1998). "From Spiritual Emergency to Spiritual Problem: The Transpersonal Roots of the New DSM IV Category." Journal of Humanistic Psychology 38, 2, pp 21-50. See Spiritual Competency Resource Center website.
(13) Kelman, Herbert C. and Hamilton, V. L. (1989). Crimes of Obedience, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. See also Shupe, A., Ed. (1998). Wolves Within the Fold: Religious leadership and Abuses of Power. Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
(14) This is the way that the original work for the PTSD diagnosis developed in the1970’s era when returning Vietnam Veterans and their advocates lobbied forb better Veterans’ services and when American women were lobbying for better management and post-rape interventions in the United States legal and clinical systems.
See Herman, J. L. (1997). Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence from Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. New York, NY: Basic Books.
See also Kreisler, H. (September 21, 2000). "The Case of Trauma and Recovery: Conversations with Judith Herman, M. D. Berkeley, CA." See the website of the Institute of International Studies of the University of California at Berkeley.
See also Bessel van der Kolk's discussion of the politics of the proposed diagnosis complex post-traumatic stress disorder in Van Der Kolk, B. (2014). The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. New York, NY: Viking Press.
The photo of Ruth is from her Enduring Space site.
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